Perception of and legal compliance with the law prohibiting cigarette sales to minors in Thailand following the raising of the minimum selling age to 20 years: a cross-sectional survey.

OBJECTIVES: The minimum age for cigarette sales in Thailand was increased from 18 to 20 years, as stipulated in the Tobacco Products Control Act B.E. 2017. This study investigated tobacco retailers' perceptions, cigarette sales behaviour and other factors relevant to selling cigarettes to people younger than 20 years in areas surrounding schools in Thailand. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SETTING: Tobacco shops within a radius of 500 m of secondary schools across four regions of Thailand. Data collection took place between May and August 2019. PARTICIPANTS: 1440 tobacco retailers (grocery or convenience stores) were sampled via a stratified, two-stage cluster sampling method. 1021 retailers completed the self-administered questionnaire. OUTCOME MEASURES: Tobacco sales to people younger than 20 years. RESULTS: The prevalence of the retailers' cigarette sales to youth younger than 20 years was 38.20% (95% CI 35.2% to 41.3%). Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed associations with sale of single cigarettes (adjusted OR (AOR) 23.14, 95% CI 15.13 to 35.39), self-service sale of cigarettes (4.21, 2.59 to 6.86) and display of cigarettes at the point of sale (2.39, 1.47 to 3.89). Cigarette sales to underage youth were higher among retailers located in the northeast region (AOR 2.09, 95% CI 1.20 to 3.64) and among those who did not perceive the prosecution of violators in the past year (1.85, 1.16 to 2.96). CONCLUSION: A large percentage of cigarette retailers violated the laws related to underage cigarette sales. Measures to minimise retailers' legally non-compliant sales behaviours should be implemented along with improved legal enforcement.

Methods used to identify the prevalence of palliative care needs: An integrative review.

OBJECTIVES: Early identification of palliative care (PC) needs is crucial to provide appropriate holistic care to patients. The objective of this integrative review is to synthesize the methods used to identify the prevalence of PC needs. METHODS: An integrative review search of the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) Plus with full text, ProQuest, Wiley InterScience, ScienceDirect, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science with publications from 2010 to 2020 was carried out in English. Empirical studies examining the methods used to determine the prevalence of PC needs were included. The methods of data extraction of the included articles were categorized by data source, study setting, and data collector. Quality appraisal was performed using QualSyst. RESULTS: Of the 5,410 articles screened, 29 were included in this review. Two articles identified the prevalence of PC needs in a community that was supported by a network of volunteers, while 27 studies considered this at a continent, country, hospital, and/or primary care facility level as represented by physicians, nurses, and researchers. SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS: Various methods have been used to determine the prevalence of PC needs, and the outcomes are valuable for policymakers in developing PC services when allocating resources at the national and community levels. Future research to identify PC needs across health settings, especially primary care facilities, should consider providing PC across a spectrum of care settings.

Development of Self-Active Aging Index (S-AAI) among rural elderly in lower northern Thailand classified by age and gender.

This study aimed to develop a Self-Active Aging Index (S-AAI) for the rural community of Thailand using the World Health Organization (WHO) framework, and score it according to age and gender. Overall, 1,098 elderly people were randomly selected. The self-reported questionnaires were categorized into three segments: health, participation, and security according to the WHO framework. An exploratory factor analysis was used to determine appropriate components. The S-AAI comprised 28 indicators and 9 factors: (1) mental/subjective health; (2) physical health; (3) health behavior and chronic disease; (4) vision and hearing; (5) oral health; (6) social participation; (7) stability in life; (8) financial stability; and (9) secure living. The overall S-AAI for all components was 0.65, with the index inversely proportional to age, but with no gender differences. The S-AAI is potentially Thailand's first multi-dimensional interactive aging assessment tool with a unique cultural context for rural areas. Although this tool is valid, it requires reliability testing.

Music therapy and aromatherapy on dental anxiety and fear: A randomized controlled trial.

Background/purpose: Dental anxiety and fear in children are major public health concerns. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of music therapy combined with aromatherapy, in reducing the children's dental anxiety and fear. Materials and methods: A total of 128 school-age children aged 10-12 years were randomly allocated into 4 groups: a control group with 32 volunteers, an experimental group that received music therapy, with 33 volunteers, an aromatherapy experimental group with 31 volunteers, and 32 volunteers in an experimental group with music therapy combined with aromatherapy. Results: The results found that within-group comparisons before and after the experiment revealed the outcomes with a statistically significant change at the 0.05 level of each group as follows. The control group had increased heart rate. The music therapy group showed decreased dental anxiety and fear and systolic blood pressure. The aromatherapy experimental group exhibited increased oxygen saturation. The experimental group receiving music therapy combined with aromatherapy showed decreased dental anxiety and fear, heart rate, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure as well as increased oxygen saturation values. In addition, it was found that music therapy combined with aromatherapy had a co-influence on dental anxiety and fear (F = 22.22, P < 0.001) and oxygen saturation (F = 17.40, P < 0.001), and the two main treatments also significantly influenced these outcomes at the 0.05 level. Conclusion: The results showed that music therapy in combination with aromatherapy reduced children's anxiety and fear of dental services better than a single treatment.

Health Service Readiness, Availability, and Utilization of Primary Health Care Facilities for Non-Communicable Diseases in Shan State, Myanmar.

Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are increasing in Myanmar. There have been limited studies to assess the health service system for NCDs patients at the primary health care (PHC) level. We aimed to assess and compare the health service readiness, availability, and utilization of PHC facilities for NCDs in districts in Myanmar. Methods: This cross-sectional study collected data by questionnaires from 242 health care providers working at PHC facilities in three districts in Shan State, Myanmar from January 2020 to January 2021. Differences were calculated with the ANOVA test for NCD capacity readiness and NCD service availability and the Kruskal-Wallis test for NCD service utilization. Results: PHC facilities had a mean score of greater than 70% for NCD capacity readiness of health workforces, health information systems, and essential medicines and equipment domains, but there were large gaps for improvement in financing and governance of health. Almost all PHC facilities had NCD services available, and the differences were not significant among the three districts. However, the mean scores of NCD services availability for chronic respiratory diseases and cancers were lower in all districts. Regarding NCD service utilization, the screening and new patient rates had significant differences among districts (P-value < 0.05). Conclusion: We revealed the situation and gaps in managing NCDs in Myanmar's PHC facilities. These findings can inform policymakers at the state and district levels to implement programs for improving health services for NCDs, particularly in rural areas.

Self-perceived knowledge, attitudes, and training needs regarding medical cannabis among health care providers and health volunteers in district health systems, Phitsanulok Province.

BACKGROUND: Health care providers and health volunteers play an important role in the collaborative provision of patient access and care regarding medical cannabis in district health systems (DHSs) according to their roles and responsibilities. However, there is limited evidence on the self-perceived knowledge, attitudes, and training needs regarding medical cannabis use by health care providers and health volunteers in DHSs. The aim of this study was to compare self-perceived knowledge, attitudes, and training needs regarding medical cannabis among health care providers and health volunteers in Phitsanulok Province, Thailand. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Phitsanulok Province. A total of 836 participants consisting of 166 health care providers and 670 health volunteers were recruited by stratified cluster random sampling. Descriptive and inferential statistics, including independent sample t tests and chi-square tests, were employed for data analyses. RESULTS: The results revealed that self-perceived knowledge of medical cannabis was not significantly different between the health care providers and health volunteers (p = 0.875), whereas attitudes about medical cannabis were significantly different between the two groups (p < 0.001). The mean scores of attitudes were 29.10 for the health care providers and 31.84 for the health volunteers. Regarding training needs, the health care providers proposed training topics, including adverse effects of medical cannabis (27.5%), information on prescribing cannabis drugs (20.5%) and information on prescribing drugs that contain cannabis substances (14.7%). On the other hand, health volunteers preferred to obtain training on cannabis legislation (23.5%), information on caring for patients who used drugs containing cannabis substances (21.4%), and a history of medical cannabis use (17.6%). CONCLUSION: In summary, to ensure effective care in the DHSs, health care providers and health volunteers should be trained to be confident in their knowledge and attitudes towards the use of medical cannabis. Training topics should be designed with consideration for the role and responsibility of each group to prepare professionals and nonprofessional to achieve patients quality and safety with respect to medical cannabis use.

Deteriorating Quality of Life and a Desire to Stop Growing Tobacco Among Virginia and Burley Tobacco Farmers in Thailand.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to examine the quality of life of tobacco farmers and their desire to stop growing tobacco. METHODS: A cross-sectional home-based survey was conducted between October 2021 and January 2022 among 2,970 Virginia and Burley tobacco farmers in Northern Thailand. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to determine the association between farmers' characteristics and their quality of life and a desire to stop planting tobacco. RESULTS: In total, 58.5% of the participants wanted to stop growing tobacco, and most had a lower quality of life than the mean. Nine independent variables were associated with a desire to stop tobacco farming: having a low level of economic quality of life (adjusted odds ratio [ORAdj], 5.42; 95% CI, 3.8 to 7.8); having a high environmental quality of life (ORAdj, 4.60; 95% CI, 3.3 to 6.5); belonging to the Tobacco Farmers' Association (ORAdj, 3.04; 95% CI, 2.1 to 4.5); growing tobacco on their own land (ORAdj, 2.12; 95% CI, 1.8 to 2.6); having a low social quality of life (ORAdj, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.4 to 2.1); having a low health quality of life (ORAdj, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.4 to 2.1); having a low spiritual quality of life (ORAdj, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.2 to 1.7); being Burley tobacco farmers (ORAdj, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.0 to 1.8); and having a low family quality of life (ORAdj, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.4 to 0.6). CONCLUSION: The majority of the tobacco farmers had a declining quality of life, particularly economic and environmental quality of life, resulting in reducing growing tobacco. National and regional support are needed to help these farmers effectively grow alternative crops, and financial support to make such conversions.

Effects of Play in an Upright Position on Intra-Individual Variability of Gross Motor and Language Development in Institutionalized Infants.

(1) Objective: To investigate the effects of play in an upright position on intra-individual variability and to examine the relationship between the variability of gross motor and language development in institutionalized infants aged six to ten months. (2) Methods: Thirty infants were conveniently enrolled in either the experimental or control groups. The Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) and the Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales Developmental Profile (CSBS-DP) Infant/Toddler Checklist were tested pre and post each monthly intervention for three months. Sixteen infants in the experimental group received an additional program of 45 min play in an upright position three times a week for a 3-month period. (3) Results: There were significant between-group differences in intra-individual variability of the AIMS percentiles (p-value = 0.042). In addition, there was a significant difference in the intra-individual variability of the language percentile between groups (p-value = 0.009). The intra-individual variability of gross motor development was significantly correlated (rs = 0.541; p = 0.03) with language development. (4) Conclusions: Play in an upright position could be applied to improve intra-individual variability in gross motor and language development percentiles in institutionalized infants.

Communication intervention to improve perceived threat of smoking-related COVID-19 and intentions to quit smoking during the COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand.

INTRODUCTION: Smokers are more likely to be at risk of developing severe COVID-19. This study aimed to develop and evaluate the effect of a communication intervention for enhancing perceived threat of coronavirus 19 (COVID-19) infection associated with smoking and examine intentions to quit smoking among smokers during the COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand. METHODS: This study was of experimental design. The sample was 427 eligible smokers who were living in Kosumphi Nakhon district. They were either assigned to the intervention group (233) or control group (194). The intervention group received the communication intervention, developed based on the Health Belief Model (HBM), including education online, motivation via social networks, and communication through local mass media. The difference in mean scores between the two groups was examined using an independent t-test. Regression models were fitted to explore the factors associated with the improvement score of intention to quit smoking. RESULTS: The participants in the intervention group who received the communication intervention had a significantly higher mean score of perceived threats of smoking-induced COVID-19 (effect size=0.518, p<0.001) and had a significantly higher mean score of intentions to quit smoking (effect size=0.717, p<0.001) than in the control group. However, the number of e-cigarettes smoked per day between-groups was not significantly different (p=0.532). In the regression analysis, factors that significantly associated with the improvement score of intentions to quit smoking, included female gender (p=0.002), addicted to nicotine score (p<0.001), intervention group (p=0.010), and the improvement score of perceived threats (p=0.026). CONCLUSIONS: This community-based communication intervention could enhance the perceived threats of smoking-induced COVID-19 and increased the intentions to quit smoking among the smokers. However, further research to track the success rate of smoking cessation is still needed.

Intra-Individual Variability in Gross Motor Development in Healthy Full-Term Infants Aged 0-13 Months and Associated Factors during Child Rearing.

The gross motor development of a typically developing infant is a dynamic process, the intra-individual variability of which can be investigated through longitudinal assessments. Changes in gross motor development vary, according to the interaction of multiple sub-systems within the child, environment, task setting, and experience or practice of movement. At present, studies on environmental factors that influence gross motor development in full-term infants over time are limited. The main aim of this study was to investigate environmental factors affecting intra-individual variability from birth to 13 months. The gross motor development of 41 full-term infants was longitudinally assessed every month from the age of 15 days using the Alberta Infant Motor Scale. Parents were interviewed monthly about environmental factors during childcare. Infants showed fluctuations in the percentile of gross motor development, and no systematic pattern was detected. The total mean range of gross motor percentile was 65.95 (SD = 15.74; SEM = 2.28). The percentiles of gross motor skills over the 14 assessments ranged from 36 to 93 percentile points. Factors that were significantly associated with the gross motor development percentile were the use of a baby walker (Coef. = -8.83, p ≤ 0.0001) and a baby hammock (Coef. = 7.33, p = 0.04). The use of baby hammocks could increase the gross motor percentile by 7.33 points. Although the usage of a baby walker is common practice in childcare, it may cause a decrease in the gross motor percentile by 8.83 points according to this study. In conclusion, healthy full-term infants exhibited a natural variability in gross motor development. Placing infants in a baby walker during the first year of age should be approached with caution due to the risk of delayed gross motor development.

Segmental Assessment of Trunk Control in Moderate-to-Late Preterm Infants Related to Sitting Development.

(1) Background: The assessment of postural segment control in premature infants seems to be critical during the onset of upright gross motor development, especially sitting. Identifying correlations between postural segment control and the development of sitting milestones could help with promoting optimal gross motor movement. However, data on this topic in home-raised premature infants via longitudinal design are still limited. The purpose of this study was to examine relationships between postural segment control and sitting development through series assessments from the corrected age of 4 months until the early onset of independent sitting attainment. (2) Methods: 33 moderate-to-late premature infants were recruited. Their trunk segment control was assessed using the Segmental Assessment of Trunk Control (SATCo), and sitting development was examined by the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS). Relationships between SATCo and sitting scores were analysed using Spearman's rank correlation (rs). (3) Results: significant fair-to-good correlations between segmental trunk control and sitting scales were found from 4 months (rs = 0.370-0.420, p < 0.05) to the age of independent sitting attainment (rs = 0.561-0.602, p < 0.01). (4) Conclusion: relationships between the trunk segment control and sitting ability of moderate-to-late preterm infants were increased in accordance with age.

Smartphone addiction and its association with upper body musculoskeletal symptoms among university students classified by age and gender.

[Purpose] The purposes of this study were to: 1) survey smartphone addiction among university students, 2) survey the prevalence of upper body musculoskeletal symptoms in relation to the respondents' sitting posture, and 3) determine the association between smartphone addiction and upper body musculoskeletal symptoms, classified by age and gender. [Participants and Methods] Two self-report questionnaires were employed to collect data from 2,645 university students in Chiang Mai, Thailand. [Results] Of 2,027 respondents (860 males and 1,167 females), the participants' ages ranged from 18 to 26 years with a mean age of 20.5 ± 1.38 years. The prevalence of smartphone addiction and upper body musculoskeletal symptoms among participants were 15.9% and 30%, respectively. Overall, the mean value of pain severity was 3.66 ± 1.67 out of 10 on the visual analog scale. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that smartphone addiction (OR=6.05, 95% CI: 4.68-7.84), was significantly associated with upper-body musculoskeletal symptoms when adjusted by age and gender. [Conclusion] The prevalence of upper body musculoskeletal symptoms was relatively high, especially for female smartphone users and students aged over 20 years. These results suggest that smartphone addiction may be a potential risk factor for upper body musculoskeletal symptoms in university students.

Gross motor development of Thai healthy full-term infants aged from birth to 14 months using the Alberta Infant Motor Scale: Inter individual variability.

BACKGROUND: The gross motor percentiles of the Alberta Infants Motor Scale (AIMS) have been commonly referenced in research. Cross-cultural assessment of gross motor development during the first year of life is suggested as diverse child-rearing practices can cause inter-variability. The main aim of this study was to develop an AIMS percentile curve for typically developing home-raised infants in the northeastern part of Thailand. The AIMS scores of these infants were also compared with the standard Canadian norms. METHODS: The gross motor development of 574 full-term infants aged 15 days to 14 months was assessed using the Thai version of the AIMS. Percentile curves of their gross motor ability were developed. The Thai infants' mean AIMS scores were compared with the Canadian norm using the one-sample t-test. RESULTS: The percentile curve of gross motor development of healthy Thai infants showed that mean AIMS scores increased with age. Large inter-variability was present from the 7th to 10th months. The mean AIMS scores of Thai infants were significantly lower than the standard Canadian means during the first three months (P < 0.05), but significantly higher in three age groups: 7-<8 months, 11-<12 months, and 13-14 months. CONCLUSION: The developed percentile curve of gross motor development is applicable for infants from the same demographic and environmental context. According to the study, infants from diverse cultures display a natural inter-variability in gross motor development between the 7th and 10th months.

The Development of the Community-based Palliative Care Model in a District Health System, Phitsanulok Province, Thailand.

CONTEXT: Palliative care (PC) refers to a set of basic health services in Thailand and is in the early stage of implementation. AIM: The aim of this study is to develop a community-based PC model in a district health system (DHS) based on the form of action and evaluation. METHODS: A three-step action research: look, think, and act was designed with mixed methods of data collection. RESULTS: A key finding was the confusion on the terminology of the PC, challenge of the referral system of PC patients in DHS, medical equipment and supplies for the PC patients, and insufficient access to opioid analgesics at home. The model of development comprised the training of health professionals, the management of the medical equipment and supplies by people sector, and the development of a referral guideline of the PC patient in DHS. The evaluation showed the higher score of the accessibility to PC than the score of accommodation for patients. It also showed the higher score of the care continuity over the longitudinal continuity for patients. For the carers, the score of guilt is higher than the score of the care burden. CONCLUSIONS: A community-based PC model should be monitored by district health managment. The methods of this study are expected to be useful advice on how to solve similar problems in the other regions of similar context.

Prevalence of self-reported musculoskeletal pain symptoms among school-age adolescents: age and sex differences.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Non-specific musculoskeletal pain symptoms are common in adolescents and may differ between the sexes, and be related to age and daily activities. It is critical to examine the prevalence and frequency of symptoms in adolescent students who tend to have pain which interferes with their routine activities. This study aimed to explore the prevalence and frequency of self-reported musculoskeletal pain symptoms by age and sex, and we also examined the association of symptoms with routine activities of school-age adolescents by area of pain. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among Thai students aged 10-19 years. All 2,750 students were asked to report previous 7-day and/or 12-month pain using the Standardized Nordic Questionnaire (Thai version) in 10 body areas. Multivariable logistic regression adjusted for age and sex was used to analyze the association between daily activity and musculoskeletal pain symptoms. RESULTS: A total of 76.1% (n=2,093) of students reported experiencing pain in the previous 7 days, 73.0% (n=2,007) reported in the previous 12-month period and 83.8% (n=2,304) reported pain in both 7-day and 12-month periods. The most common pain area was from a headache, with other areas being neck and shoulders, in that order, for both periods of time. The prevalence of musculoskeletal pain was especially higher in older groups and females. Participants reported frequency of pain as "sometimes in different areas" ranging from 78.4% to 88% and severity of pain at 3.82±2.06 out of 10 (95% CI 3.74-3.91). Routine daily activities associated with symptoms of headache, neck, shoulders, and ankles or feet pain were computer use (head, OR=2.22), school bag carrying (neck, OR=2.05), school bag carrying (shoulder, OR=3.09), and playing sports (ankle or foot, OR=2.68). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of musculoskeletal pain symptoms was high in both the previous 7-day and 12-month periods, especially in females and older adolescents, although most of them sometimes experienced pain. Computer use and school bag carrying were associated with headache, neck and shoulder pain, while playing sports was related to symptoms of the foot and ankle. IMPLICATIONS: The prevalence of pain was high, particularly in the older and female groups. Although they experienced mild symptoms sometimes, the related daily activities leading to these symptoms should be closely noticed.

Prognostic predictors for ambulation in children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to investigate the prognostic predictors for ambulation in children with cerebral palsy using meta-analysis of observational studies. METHOD: Electronic searches were conducted in PubMed, SCOPUS, CINAHL, ProQuest, Ovid, Wiley InterScience, and ScienceDirect databases from their start dates to December 2015. RESULTS: Of the 1123 identified articles, 12 met the inclusion criteria for qualitative synthesis, eight of which were deemed appropriate for meta-analysis. Qualitative synthesis found that the type of cerebral palsy, early motor milestones, primitive reflexes and postural reactions, absence of visual impairment, absence of intellectual disability, absence of epilepsy or seizure, and ability to feed self were indicated as potential predictors for ambulation. Meta-analysis detected four significant prognostic predictors for ambulation: sitting independently at 2 years, absence of visual impairment, absence of intellectual disability, and absence of epilepsy or seizure. CONCLUSION: These prognostic predictors should be taken into consideration in therapeutic plans and rehabilitation goals, especially sitting independently before the age of 2 years. Implications for rehabilitation The meta-analysis supports strong evidence that sitting independently at 2 years of age, absence of visual impairment, absence of intellectual disability, and absence of epilepsy or seizure are positive predictors for ambulation in children with cerebral palsy. The therapeutic plans and rehabilitation goals should be considered cautiously for these predictors, especially sitting independently before the age of two years.

Derivation of an Ambulatory Prognostic Score Chart for Thai Children with Cerebral Palsy Aged 2 to 18.

Background: Most parents want to know that their children with cerebral palsy will be able to walk. A simple tool to predict ambulatory status and one uses The Gross Motor Function Classification System is still lacking. Objective: To develop a simple prognostic score chart for predicting ambulatory status in Thai children with cerebral palsy. Material and Method: Four hundred seventy one children with cerebral palsy aged 2 to 18 registered and treated at six special schools or hospitals for children with physical disability between 2008 and 2013 were recruited. Baseline characteristics and clinical histories of children with cerebral palsy were collected from medical and physical therapy records. Ambulatory status was classified as three ordinal scales by The Gross Motor Function Classification System - Expanded and Revised version. Results: Multivariable ordinal continuation ratio logistic regression analysis identified age, type of cerebral palsy, sitting independently at the age of two, and eating independently as significant predictors of ambulation. These items were combined into a clinical prediction score: non-ambulation (scores <7), assisted ambulation (scores 7 to 8), and independent ambulation (scores >8). Conclusion: The prognostic tool has high discriminative values of ambulatory status among children with cerebral palsy. However, the validation of this tool needs to be tested in other subjects before clinical practice application.

Prognostic Predictors for Ambulation in Thai Children With Cerebral Palsy Aged 2 to 18 Years.

The objectives of this study were to determine prognostic predictors for ambulation among Thai children with cerebral palsy and identify their ambulatory status. A retrospective cohort study was performed at 6 special schools or hospitals for children with physical disabilities. The prognostic predictors for ambulation were analyzed by multivariable ordinal continuation ratio logistic regression. The 533 participants aged 2 to 18 years were divided into 3 groups: 186 with independent ambulation (Gross Motor Function Classification System [GMFCS I-II]), 71 with assisted ambulation (Gross Motor Function Classification System III), and 276 with nonambulation (Gross Motor Function Classification System IV-V). The significant positive predictors for ambulation were type of cerebral palsy (spastic diplegia, spastic hemiplegia, dyskinesia, ataxia, hypotonia, and mixed type), sitting independently at age 2 years, and eating independently. These predictors were used to develop clinical scoring for predicting the future ability to walk among Thai children with cerebral palsy.